Newton was, of course, a multifaceted genius, who created the foundation for classical physics in his Principia Mathematica. Divorced from his usual pursuits, Newton entertained himself by exploring the nature of color. He returned to his family's farm in the countryside hamlet of Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth. Isaac Newton graduated from Cambridge University's Trinity College in 1665, the year that the Great Plague struck London, and like many others, he abandoned the city. “Guide to Geography” was his book that speaks on maps and forms and features of land surfaces.Prisms are able to seperate beams of light into rainbows using light refraction.“Tetrabiblos” his 4 volume book on astrology that was on horoscope and numerology – the study of numbers and coincidence of events in human life.Almagest was Ptolemy’s most influential book on trigonometry and astronomy.

In which he used the method of translating mathematical equations into musical notes. Music – He wrote a book on music known as Harmonics.Geography – he contributed a compilation of geographical coordinates and improved maps by marking grids in them.This is a group of stars whose position is marked at the time of one’s birth to foresee the events and their impacts on an individual’s life. Astrology – he gave the star catalog – a list of 48 constellations.Further, he used epicycles to compute the dimensions of the universe in his book ‘Planetary Hypothesis’. Moreover, he introduced the geocentric model of the solar system – the Earth at the center of the Solar system. These tables were also used to compute the future or past positions. Astronomy – He made tables in which the current position of planets and moon could be found.Ptolemy’s works left a long-lasting impact on science and his works were used until Nicolaus Copernicus researched further and made corrections to his work. At the age of around seventy, he died in Alexandria, Egypt in 169 AD. Furthermore, Ptolemy also worked on music – where he gave new concepts on composition and on optics – where he worked on the interaction of sight and light and properties of light like reflection, refraction, and color. Being highly skilled in maps, he has drawn many of them and wrote instructions for creating them. He drew the coordinates of Roman provinces on maps. Ptolemy had also a good authority on geography. He believed that a person’s birthplace, culture, and surroundings shape his personality according to the position of the Moon, Sun, and planets. Moreover, being an astrologer he showed the importance of heavenly bodies that affect human life. However, it was proved incorrect by Copernicus, who then claimed that the sun was at the center of the solar system, therefore, it is called the heliocentric model. Therefore, it was called the geocentric model.

Ptolemy’s model for the solar system showed that the earth was at its center. Ptolemy’s works were mostly based on the work of Greek scientist Hipparchus – also known as the founder of trigonometry. The book contains calculations that helped him compute the distance between planets and stars and dimensions of the universe. In his astronomical work, the most invaluable masterwork was his book the Almagest. The importance of his astronomical work was first recognized by Arab scientists. He used trigonometry as a tool to learn the motion of visible objects in the sky. In the field of mathematics, he had a good command of trigonometry.

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